Machines and cells that build or dismantle pallet loads, pick layers, stack or destack goods, dispense empty pallets and trays, exchange or invert pallets, and handle pallet interlayers. Includes dedicated palletising tools, layer formers, pallet magazines and pallet-removal equipment. Standalone pallet conveyors follow conveying; mobile pallet transport follows industrial trucks; wrapping-only machines follow packaging; passive pallets follow load carriers.